The Life of a Single Parent - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2811 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Single Parent Essay Did you like this example? Ashlee Stutts Ms. Kao East Carolina University 5 November 2018 The Life of a Single Parent Introduction- In the early 1900s, the united states was not a very preferable place to be living for many different reasons. Hunger, poverty, worry, and passion are the perfect words describing what it was like in the 1900s. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Life of a Single Parent" essay for you Create order Many people struggled living distressed, never knowing what the next step for their families would be, whether it be for the better or worse. In the 1900s it was rare to see a woman raising her kids alone, or a man providing to his family without a wife. In modest terms this would be called single parenting. People in that time era would view single parenting as incredibly brave and valiant for one to do. Thesis Statement Reflecting back on single parenting in the 1920s, it has changed for the parent and the child in their social, mental and living conditions making it harder on the parent to insure their child grows up to meet the highest standard. Once single parenting started to become rather common, parents began to struggle to keep their children fed, including their selves. In most cases this caused them to work in mills and sacrifice their life for the lives of their children. This was a very audacious action to take for the circumstances they would be in. Audience In this essay, I am targeting single parents, not only that but also current parents who are still married and maybe thinking about getting a divorce. Explaining the effect that it has on the children with their social interactions and mental developments. I will also be explaining the effects it has on the parent. Often people feel more sympathy for the child, but in most cases the parent is the one suffering because of the drastic change they have to go through and the new responsibilities they gain. I would like this to be an eye opener so parents who maybe thinking of getting a divorce, rethink and work things out with their loved ones. Justification The importance of my essay is that every family should look at morals and how they have drastically changed over time, whether it be single parenting or the divorce rates rocketing. It is very obvious that parenting is not easy but single parenting is no joke. The argument I am trying to persuade is something that should not be argued against, this is our future and we all want to see a change. Ella May Wiggins Experience of Single Parenting- Ella May is the big reason I chose to use the word passion in the description of the 1900s, to me she shows how much passion she has for giving her family the best life she could. She was so willing and ready to see a change in what she called hers. In this paper, we will be looking back at the different ways of life and how they went about the trials and tribulations they faced. Just as Ella may having to raise her children by her lonesome, knowing that the dependence was all on her. We will also be focusing on single parenting and the way it i s viewed in modern day. Single parenting in the 1920s- Single parenting in the 1900s wasnt a very common thing. In early times most, people were all about tradition, and of course single parenting was not part of the tradition. Single parenting did not earn that title until the late 1940s according to Linda Gordon (Single Parenthood, 1900, p 2). Single parenting in the early 1900s wasnt as hard as it seems to be now, no papers had to be signed, child support didnt exist, it was just a different gist than what we are used to in modern day. In the 1900s single parenting was more common for African Americans rather than for Caucasians, and this statistic is true because they would get beaten to death when in slavery and they were more prone to catching a disease. Single parents were usually single mothers because fathers in the early 1900s, leave their wife and children for one women. Women would very well struggle simply because they would have to go out, find a job, sacrifice their life just to make sure their children had food on the table. Single parenting was definitely a struggle in the 1900s and also a situation you wouldnt want to find yourself in. Single Parenting in Todays society- In todays society single parenting is just another thing It is rather normal than not normal, and it is rather common than non-common and that to me is awfully sad. For numerous reasons such as the family is being broken, the child is made to learn a new routine, the person who was left is broken. So much is changed for the parent and the child and sometimes it cant be changed. Meier stated that in modern day society single parent households increased from 9% in 1960 to 28% in 2000 (Meier, 2016, p 2). I can only imagine how much it has gone up since 2000, it has almost been 19 years. The reason I believe for most split-up families in modern day society would be technology. Technology has so much to offer such as pornography which is a vast reason for many breakups in todays society, theres also adequate amounts of dating websites that many married men may use, simply because its at the touch of their fingertips. Single parenting is the result in all of this. The Childrens Point of View including my own- I can connect with the childs point of view of having a single parent. Divorce isnt easy for any person, it doesnt just affect the parents it impacts the children such as I very drastically. My parents got separated when I turned eight making both of my parents single parents, and I am very bad with any change that is thrown at me, so this part of my life had to be one of the hardest/drastic things I have ever been through. It was hard because I never knew where I would stay next w hether it be with my mom or my dad or my nanny or my papa, its very sad because the child never signs up to go through such a drastic change at such a young age. It affected my academic and my social life simply because I was always worried about my mommy and daddy. Lee Kimmons stated, Children have the strong belief that there is only one right family relationship, and that is Mom and Dad being together (Kimmons, 1986, p 2.). In this being said, that is what most children including myself felt. Through my experience I went through a hard time watching my sweet Mom cry every night, and me being only 8 years old comprehended so much during this time, its not the child that only needs to be looked at through the suffrage its the parent too. Emotional Valence on Mothers Single parent affects the parent more than you could ever imagine. Think about it They just lost their family, they are now a one income household, theyre budgeting changes, and most importantly they worry about the custody of their kids. Meier states that Females are more likely to play a Role in single parenting than any Male (Meier, 2016, p 1). In this being said she also says that Single mothers report less happiness and more sadness, stress, and fatigue in parenting than partnered mothers (Meier, 2016, p 1). Mothering experiences are generally associated with high levels of emotional well-being, although single parenthood is associated with differences in the emotional valence. Emotional Valence of single parenting is essentially the good-ness and the bad-ness of the event or situation the mother or father may be in, rather known as the specific emotions of ones doing. (Meier, 2016, p 1). In all of this being said divorce may be distinguished as being worse in terms for the chil d, but if you will focus on some of the statistics, the parent in the situation often times has it worse in the emotional state than people have gratitude for. Divorce Rates Why? In the Single Parenthood article, it explained As of 2004 68% of children lived with two married parents (Single Parenthood, 1900, p 2). This has drastically changed in the past 14 years. The Population Reference Bureau explained In 2018 34% of children lived with two married parents (n.d., 2001, p 2). This shows us that morals have changed, especially since the 1920s such as when Ella May Wiggins was a single parent, it was very rare to hear of. But now it seems as it is perfectly normal. The reason it is more heard of now is the reason that it is more socially acceptable, and most women and men have higher expectations than should be of their spouse, instigating a separation of marriage. Married Parents the Outcomes Couples that prolong their marriage usually end up having exceedingly successful children in school and it their future jobs and in their own marriages. Crouse explained A family that is united is better at giving their children unconditional love and a solid foundation of nurturing, training, and discipline that will enable them to reach their fullest potential (Crouse, 2017, p 3). This being said it may seem easy to conclude that marriage wields some vast power over a childs life, but in reality, the question often asked is why are children of married parents more likely to thrive? Crouse stated that A child learns from their parents doings, whether how they budget, how they treat other (such as their spouse) and also how their attitudes are when being conjoined with one another (Crouse, 2017, p 1). Crouse explained that when it comes to children, it is really all about the basics of a mother and father within a committed marriage (Crouse, 2017, p 1). And in all seriousness single parenting doesnt allow your kids to fail, because any child has the potential to fail their parents and their self in a married household or not it is just factual that in most cases children in married households have a high potential to succeed in things than children in single parent households. The absence of Father/Mother figure as far as one income The absence of a Mother/Father figure can really hurt the child but also the parent who may still be present in the childs life. The Absence of a Mother/Father essentially means that the parent has abandoned his or her child and has failed to come in contact with them. According to Dlugonski, he stated that An absent parent refers to non-custodial parent who is obligated to pay partial child support and who is physically absent from the childs home. (Dlugonski, 2017 p. 7). Thinking about the child in this case would struggle emotionally, simply because the child may feel unwanted, and often times very questionable about the situation they may be in. The parent who is still present in the childs life has it harder financially, simply because often times people who are due to pay child support either get behind, or dont think they owe the parent anything at all since they have no contact with the child But it isnt true, single parents struggle financially because they are depending on their paycheck to pay for their bills. Their needs. Their childs needs and whatever else may be thrown at them. Ella May is an example of this, she was a single mother of a one income household knowing that everyone depended on her. Absence of the parent as far as one income becomes very stressful at times, making it very reliable to believe that the parent has financial issues with being the only one present in their child/childs life. Ella May Wiggins Her journey of being a Single Parent In, The Last Ballad, Ella May Wiggins is a Single Mother of four children, her husband left her because he did not like living in the poor black community, making her a single parent. She worked a miserable job at the local mill topping nine dollars a week. She and her four children lived in very rough conditions, a small shack in a mostly black community called Stumptown. While working in the mill Ella May had no one to take care of her children so the care taking was left up to the eldest child who went by the name Lilly Wiggins, In chapter 2 of The Last Ballad, Lilly explained how their daddy left them, and said Mother with four children, had no time to look after, one already passed away working a full time job at the mill there in Bessemer City, which back then meant she worked six days a week, probably seventy hours, maybe more sometimes If they needed her and she needed money, causing me to work just as much as her with my siblings (Cash, 2017, p. 54). Looking back on what Lil ly explained parenting was hard back then, but single parenting effected the child more than the parent. Such as Lilly, she was stuck with a full-time job just as her mother. In todays society it is very rare you see a child raising a child such as a sibling raising a sibling such as Lilly. She was a hard worker who put down her life for her siblings, this shows that single parenting in the 1920s (Ella mays time) was rather hard for the child but not for the parent in the parenting situation. Who is it harder on? The purpose of this argument was to prove that in modern day society it is harder on the parent whether it be the Mother or the Father. Meier states on page Mothers are more often single parents than fathers, and there is greater variation in their employment hours, each of which is associated with greater demands at home (Meier, 2016, p 2). In this being said mothers are far more into their childrens life than any father figure is simply because they feel they are not priv ileged to do anything that the mother may already be doing. Throughout this article it talks about the statistics of single parenting, the employment statuses of single parenting, their emotional well-being, and their time use. Single Mothers and Fathers go through different stages according to Meier throughout a year of separation a single parent goes through or than 20 physical and mental changes. (Meier, 2016, p 1). When Meier is explaining this, it puts things in perspective, single parents often have to adjust to new lifestyles because often time they can not financially afford the house their family was living in because they had two incomes, and often times when they di stay in that specific house, they suffer mentally from the memories they may have had. They often times have to worry about their financial state, how one income will pay for them and also their childs needs, they have to worry about their child being taken by the other parent. Single parenting Is just a big change that often times people dont realize until they go through it their selves, and it is something America needs to improve, the rates should decrease rather than increase and we would all see a change in our future, because o ur know what? Our future is our children, so make a difference. My View on Single Parenting- Single Parenting in my perception, will never be fixed at the rate I and the nation would like to see, simply because America will never be able to fix a rapidly increasing issue, unless it is made illegal which is very doubtful. No matter the time period, single parenting will always be an issue worldwide whether it be for the child, the mother or the father. It is time to contemplate on the actions of the children who are living in single parent households, and realize it is time to come together as one to develop a child with goals, discipline and the right role models to create a greater future for our nation. References: Cash, W. (2017). The last ballad. New York , NY: Harperluxe. (Chapters 1-2,7-10) Cash, W. (2017). Chapter two: Ella May. The Last Ballad: A novel (pp. 45-61). New York, NY: HarperCollins. Crouse, J. (2017). Children at Risk: The Precarious State of Childrens Well-being in America. Routledge. Dlugonski, D., Martin, T., Mailey, E., Pineda, E. (2017). Motives and Barriers for Physical Activity among Low-Income Black Single Mothers. Sex Roles, 77(5-6), 379-392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0718-7 Kimmons, L., Gaston, J. A. (1986). Single Parenting: A Filmography. Family Relations, 35(1), 205. Retrieved from Meier, A., Musick, K., Flood, S., Dunifon, R. (2016, May 05). Mothering Experiences: How Single Parenthood and Employment Structure the Emotional Valence of Parenting. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-016-0474-x Population Reference Bureau, (2001). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://assets.prb.org/wpds/ Single Parenthood in 1900. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/036319909101600201

Homework And Its Effect On Student Achievement - 922 Words

Homework Homework is the idea of extending the school day, by assigning students work to be done at home. There are many different opinions of homework and its effectiveness, overall homework has been proven to have a positive effect on student achievement. John Hattie explores a study done by Cooper in 1989. â€Å"Cooper’s results suggest that more task-oriented homework had higher effects than did deep learning and problem solving homework†¦ Homework involving high level conceptual thinking and project based was the least effective (Hattie 235)†. Assigning students’ homework that requires teacher support can have a negative effect on student achievement. Cooper â€Å"found that a lot of homework and a lack of monitoring seem to indicate an†¦show more content†¦[Page 54]).† Essentially when students complete homework it reinforces the concepts taught in class, and deepens their understanding of the content. This article also focused on the connection between homework and student achievement on standardized tests in math and science. Maltese, Tai and Fan found thatâ€Å"ELS Mathematics students, who reported spending 31 – 90 minutes each day on homework scored about 40 points higher on the SATÃ’-Mathematics subtest than their peers, who reported spending no time on homework each day, on average ((Maltese, Tai, Fan, 2012, p. [Page 64])†. The results in science were similar. Students who took the time to do homework, scored higher on standardized test. Thus doing homework showed a strong positive correlation to standardized test scores. Research shows homework has many advantages, like improving student achievement, improving study skills, developing responsibility, narrowing the achievement gap between high and low students (Kukliansky, Shosberger, Eshach, 2016, p. [Page 231]). However, homework can have some disadvantages as well. 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When We Consider the Play about Othello, What Rings a Bell Free Essays

This play is to be sure the most commended academic study of the mutilating powers of want and uncertainty. Meanwhile, it’s among the most prompt masterful works overseeing race, bias and fraud. Othello whose character is obviously chivalrous paying little mind to whether in the long run he would be defective by making a grave mistake is yet the most unmistakable black saint in early Western written work. We will write a custom essay sample on When We Consider the Play about Othello, What Rings a Bell? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Othello faces enduring partiality from various characters, especially when he marries Desdemona, an uncommon white woman whose father tries to fight their union in tooth and nail. Without a doubt, even the play’s execution history has been set apart by dogmatism. Indeed, seeing a youthful man of color and a white woman kiss before a group of people was so unsuitable to various audiences even in mid twentieth century America. Moreover, at this period and time the play â€Å"Othello† was played by a white man wearing a blackface. Appreciatively, conditions are distinctive presently yet at the same time we can’t mortar our countenances with smiling grins and joyfully sing (kumbaya). However, they haven’t adequately changed. Likewise, as preference continues running uncontrolled in the 21st century, Othello remains promising and associated. That is no mean achievement for a play written in 1603. However, how bias was an issue more than 400 years back is as, yet an issue today is disreputable. Well I’ll have to give it a chance to be known: a portion of the time Shakespeare’s tragedies makes us feel better about our lives. We like feeling good and a long way from burden, correct? A lot of Shakespeare’s dreadful contraptions either; don’t exist by any methods – like the portion that impacts Juliet to appear to be dead in Romeo and Juliet or don’t exist in our world – two scheming young ladies going after their father’s position of authority, as in King Lear or even the pound of flesh sherlock asked from his debtor in the Merchant of Venice play. Shakespeare was the ace of fiction, however, regardless they mirror our contemporary society despite their archaic nature of style. Othello isn’t one of those tragedies. What gets this calamity going is still especially fit as a fiddle: bias and pietism. It seems like each time we resuscitate our online networking accounts like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram we see more news stories that summon dialogs about the certainty of partiality. From stop-and-pursuit laws in Chicago to young men and women of color getting kicked out of trains, eateries, and top of the line resorts in different urban areas, states and nations with a case to have caused a risk. The police segregation in St. Louis, Detroit despite the kind of distress calls received no prompt action is made; to cab drivers declining to get black men in New York City. From dating locales that solitary match same-race people in South Africa to a rising level of people that admit to being supremacist in the United Kingdom. Basically, Othello’s treatment of race and sexuality makes it one of Shakespeare’s most germane and flawed plays. For a couple, the play’s portrayal of a Black man who marries and a while later mercilessly executes a white woman in an assault of rage and want makes Othello a narrow-minded person play. For these intellectuals, Shakespeare seems to help a xenophobic (antagonistic to nonnative) perspective that was typical all through England and unmistakable parts of Europe. Likewise, the level of hypocrisy in this play is one that is inconceivable. The pretext nature portrayed by (Lago) is one that does bring out retribution as well as a noxious undertaking. All things considered, this play still relates to us today since people can be deceptive to phenomenal levels. The play furthermore has a moral lesson; everyone should be cautious with everybody they speak with. A couple of individuals will reliably play setback as their subtle strategy for passing on you closer to them by making you helpless for their plans. How to cite When We Consider the Play about Othello, What Rings a Bell?, Papers

Analyzes The Meaning Of Job Satisfaction And Difficulties - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Analyzes The Meaning Of Job Satisfaction And Difficulties Of Measuring The Job Satisfaction. Answer: Introduction Job Satisfaction refers to how much an individual is content with the job and whether they like the different aspects of the job. Different researchers have developed the concept in relation to job satisfaction in different manner. This essay analyzes the meaning of job satisfaction and difficulties of measuring the job satisfaction. It also elucidates on the methods that can be made use of to measure job satisfaction and the strategies that can help in increasing job satisfaction. Discussion Locke has defined job satisfaction by saying that it is a positive emotional state that occurs due to appraisal in relation to ones job. Job satisfaction can be assessed at both global level (job overall) and at the facet level (different aspects of job). Facets in relation to job satisfaction includes that of appreciation, fringe benefits, nature of work, personal growth, recognition and that of supervision (Boukis Gounaris, 2015). Job satisfaction is inclusive of multidimensional psychological response in relation to an individuals job. The personal responses possess different components like that of cognitive, affective and behavioural. Affective job satisfaction is indicative of a subjective construct that represents an emotional feeling that the individuals have in relation to the job. It is reflective of the pleasure that the job can induce in an individual. Cognitive job satisfaction is indicative of logical evaluation in relation to different facets of a job. It does not mea sure the degree of happiness that can rise out of particular job facet but whether the job facets are thought by the employee of being satisfactory in relation to the objectives that they have set for the job. The Mercer Report has highlighted that workplace stagnation can lead to job dissatisfaction. It also suggests that when the objectives are stifled owing to lack of that of clear direction then it can amount to employee dissatisfaction. Company not supporting development of the innovative ideas can also lead to frustration in the workplace. Measuring the level in relation to job satisfaction can prove to be difficult owing to the subjective nature of the concept. People perceive of job satisfaction in different manner and they put weight age on different factors when they assess whether they are satisfied or dissatisfied with the job. A survey can be conducted and the workers can be asked whether they are satisfied with the job. An individual can be satisfied pertaining to an aspect of a job but he can be dissatisfied with that of another aspect. The benefits provided to a worker can satisfy an employee but he can be dissatisfied with the relationship with that of the co-workers along with supervisors. There is a relationship between productivity and job satisfaction. Unidimensional model in relation to job satisfaction will not be able to specify the factors that have proved to be most influential in relation to the rates (Men, 2014) The input and output model compares the relationship between what an employee puts into the job and that of the output. This model is helpful in measuring different aspects of that of job satisfaction but combines everything into a whole picture (Alegre, Mas-Machuca Berbegal-Mirabent, 2016) It cannot capture the difference between that of the intrinsic along with the extrinsic factors. The bi-dimensional model treats the factors that are intrinsic like variety in tasks to be different from the extrinsic factors like pay. This model groups the different factors in just two categories. Hackman along with Oldham was responsible for developing Job Satisfaction Survey that can help in measuring both the overall aspects along with specific facet in relation to job satisfaction (Umemura Kubo, 2016) Three dimensions pertaining to job satisfaction are that of general satisfaction, work motivation that is internal along with that of growth satisfaction. They are combined into that of a single measure. The particular aspects that are measured with the help of survey are that of security, co-workers, compensation and that of supervision. The Job Descriptive Index was developed by that of Smith, Kendall along with Hulin. The Job Descriptive Index comprises of 72 items (Jacobs, Yu Chavez, 2016). It was used for measuring five facets in relation to job satisfaction that was inclusive of work, promotion, supervision and that of pay. The ratings pertaining to satisfaction were combined with that of the faces in order to determine composite measure of that of job satisfaction. T he Job Satisfaction Survey was specifically used in order to measure the four aspects of supervision, security, co-workers and that of compensation. Job Descriptive Index on the other hand was specifically used to measure the elements of pay, promotion, work and supervision. The employees can be asked regarding the personal motivations and team meetings can be made use of for discussing crucial issues. The team meetings can be made use of to discuss issues related to the roles. It can help in seeking for creative manner that can ease the problems in ones professional life. Employee survey system can help in highlighting concern. Reducing the micro-management can help in increasing the job satisfaction in an organization (Huang Rundle-Thiele, 2014) It can help in making the employees to feel trusted. This kind of trust by the micro-management will be rewarded by the employees. Removal of the micro-management the focus will shift from expectations to that of the responsibility of the employees. Improvement of the small factors can have grave impact on that of the satisfaction of the team (Phillips Phillips, 2016). This does not necessitate spending on that of the new equipment or that of office fit-outs. Coffee machine or a kitchen equipment can add to t he satisfaction of the employees in an organization. Ergonomic seating in relation to the employees can help in making the difference. A survey can be run in the workplace that can help in assessing the needs of the employees. Conclusion: Job Satisfaction is indicative of whether an individual is happy with that of the job. The subjective nature of job satisfaction makes it difficult for the individuals to measure it. Job satisfaction is perceived in different ways by the people. Job Satisfaction Survey and Job Descriptive Index can be made use of in order to augment job satisfaction. Team meetings, employee survey system and reduction of the micro management can help in the process of increasing job satisfaction within an organization. References: Alegre, I., Mas-Machuca, M., Berbegal-Mirabent, J. (2016). Antecedents of employee job satisfaction: Do they matter?.Journal of Business Research,69(4), 1390-1395. Boukis, A., Gounaris, S. (2015). Some Preliminary Evidence for the Effect of Employee Satisfaction on Relational Switching Costs. InThe Sustainable Global Marketplace(pp. 162-164). Springer, Cham. Huang, Y. T., Rundle-Thiele, S. (2014). The moderating effect of cultural congruence on the internal marketing practice and employee satisfaction relationship: An empirical examination of Australian and Taiwanese born tourism employees.Tourism Management,42, 196-206. Jacobs, M. A., Yu, W., Chavez, R. (2016). The effect of internal communication and employee satisfaction on supply chain integration.International Journal of Production Economics,171, 60-70. Men, L. R. (2014). Strategic internal communication: Transformational leadership, communication channels, and employee satisfaction.Management Communication Quarterly,28(2), 264-284. Phillips, J. J., Phillips, P. P. (2016).Handbook of training evaluation and measurement methods. Routledge. Umemura, A., Kubo, H. (2016). The Approach for Organizational Activation for Employee Satisfaction and Higher Performance at Service Entities: A Proposal for Organizational Activation on the base of Case Studies.International journal of Japan Society for Production Management,4(1), 13-22.

A Tale of Two Forces free essay sample

Greed and Jealousy versus Love and Justice The human condition is not in any way, shape or form perfect. In fact, man is prone to both greed and Jealousy. But when man is overwhelmed by these, he is blind to the beauty of the divine love and Justice received by all. This point is emphasized In Peter Shaffer Amadeus. Antonio Saltier prays as an adolescent for just one thing: fame. HIS quest for fame becomes the central goal In his life. However, his Insatiable greed for musical fame leads to Jealousy of his colleague, Amadeus Mozart.This pattern of moral destruction continues as Saltier turns against his god, lamming that God had become his enemy when He picked Mozart over him. Saltier is the proof that when greed and jealousy become the main influences on a mans life, he is no longer able to see the beauty in divine love and Justice. We will write a custom essay sample on A Tale of Two Forces or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This drama is one of character. There are really only two dynamic characters in the whole novel. First, Saltier, the protagonist. Sealers wanted fame from a young age. At 16, he prayed to God that he would be virtuous and evangelical If only God would grant him fame (Shaffer 8).At first it appears that his prayer has been answered: he goes to study music in Vienna, and eventually becomes court composer for Emperor Joseph II. Mozart arrival in Vienna and his extreme talent turns Saltier a lovely shade of green. He becomes obsessively jealous of Mozart, leading to a volatile and harassed state. Saltier makes It his lifes goal to destroy Mozart If not to kill his body, to kill his social status and reputation. This to spite the god that was merciless, who supplied so little in terms of blessings.Callers determination to spite God through the thorough destruction of Mozart career and eventually mental health is what dads to his ultimate demise: a suicide attempt, and the proclamation that he is the [p]tarot [s]mint of [m]discretion (Shaffer 95). Amadeus Mozart, the plays title character, is ironically the antagonist of the story. This conjures Ideas that Mozart was purposefully evil, that he strives to cause harm to Sealers. But Mozart never actually did anything to make Sealers his enemy.Mozart extraordinary musical ablest Is what causes sealers to hate Mozart. It Is the Idea that God granted him, the Creature, with these capabilities, and left Saltier to mediocrity. Some would argue that Mozart is a Christ figure. This is indicated by his name, which means love of God and it has been discussed that his glorious music is Gods love for human beings made manifest (Fulbright, CTD. In Robbins Mozart). In this way, he Is a fool to Saltier. Where Mozart has been blessed, Saltier feels cursed.It is what they both do with their situations that makes them so different. Sealers chooses to make God his enemy, and vows to destroy Mozart, while Mozart just continues with his life, amplifying the ridiculous tantrum Saltier throws against God. The wrath of Saltier was never incurred by Mozart himself, ironically, it was Gods grace on Mozart hat stirred the vengeful feelings inside Saltier. In Amadeus, there are many biblical allusions. The first, and most obvious, is the terms of Gods love. However, he soon discovers that his bargain with God was only one-sided. The talent he bargained for was never truly bestowed upon him. Unlike Saltier, Mozart was extremely talented, and though he didnt realize it, he was more of an evangelist than he thought. He didnt necessarily preach the gospel, but through his music, he discovered and praised God. This infuriates Saltier, and he begins to think of murder. His hunger for the approval of God and the new of Mozart because f it spawns a Cain-like reaction. Saltier manages to kill Mozart reputation and sanity, and claims to have taken his life.This is proof that Gods divine love and lustier is not something to question. Galleries human nature, his greed, his Jealousy, blinded him to this. He couldnt help but ask, Why not me? and it brought him to his bitter end. Yet another biblical allusion is Saltier as Satan. Dennis A. Klein states that Saltier is a literary echo of Satan in Isaiah 14:[13]-15 (CTD. In Achaeans 45). These three Jerseys are the struggle of Saltier. Saltier [says in his] heart that he will become the retreat composer of all time, and he will then give Him his life.Galleries mistake was this: in trying to become so great, he made his quest to achieve personal greatness rather than praising God. This caused him to be brought down to the realm of the dead, to the depths of the pit (Holy Bible, Isaiah 14. 12-15) in scene nineteen when he cuts his throat. Amadeus is told in a relatively typical dramatic fashion. Antonio Saltier narrates as himself in 1823. The story of his rivalry with Mozart is told as a flashback, so the audience knows what Saltier remembers, and also what he reflects on.However, the audience is not Just watching the action, but they are invited into it through many asides and the occasional 2nd person narrative. Realistically, Galleries account would be told to another person, but instead, he presents the story directly to the audience, and even includes them in some of the dialogue (Mains 25). In Galleries opening monologue, Saltier addresses the audience as the Ghosts of the Future and asks that they be [his] confessors (Shaffer 5). The audience must now form their own conclusions and Judge Saltier based on what they decide, and not what has been told to them. In this way, they can see that Galleries greed and Jealousy have become the main influences on his life, so much so that he can no longer see the beauty in divine love and Justice. Most of this play is set in the decade of 1781-1791, when Saltier was court composer. Scenes mostly take place in extravagant libraries, gilded opera houses, palaces or great homes, or in Mozart or Galleries apartment. The setting is symbolic of Mozart himself. The more grand, austere settings stand for what Mozart is not.He is grand, yes, but he is immature, and not exactly a functioning citizen in the adult Nor he has been a part of for so long. However, places such as Mozart apartment, or the many luxurious libraries he is in are a perfect representation of Mozart: fanciful yet deliberate. On stage, the actual changing of the sets is also supposed to represent Mozart. According to Shaffer, the sets are constantly and fluidly changing, and this is to aid the play to be acted throughout in its proper manner: with the sprung line, gracefulness and energy for which Mozart is so especially celebrated (Shaffer xvi). Pep the audience captivated hungry for more, greedy even Shaffer ends most of his scenes in foreshadowing. This tactic is an excellent way to keep the action boning. One interesting aspect of Galleries character is his struggle with female temptation. Shaffer finds a way to satisfy Galleries lustful cravings through sweets. For instance, while trying to seduce Constance, Saltier tells her: I live on ink and sweetmeats. I never see women at 11). Another stylistic technique is the use of the Ventricles. These Little Winds serve as the Greek chorus of 1781.The lentils are Galleries second and third sets of eyes and ears. They illuminate events that cannot or are not displayed on stage, such as Mozart and Consonants marriage Shaffer 39). They also inform Saltier that Leopold Mozart will be enraged at the news that Mozart married without his consent. The various stylistic techniques employed by Shaffer emphasize the action of the plot, and therefore the theme of the story. The story line of Amadeus is mostly chronological, not counting the times when it reverts forward to 1823 so Saltier can narrate from his present perspective.He begins the story with an account of his life in Italy, as a young boy. At the age of 16, he made a bargain with God. This is the beginning of his downfall. Though Saltier promised his life to God, God never rewarded him with the fame he asked for. What Saltier never realizes is this: it was his mistake to believe that he could bargain with the creator of the universe. The climax of the play, occurring at the end of Act One is En Saltier rages against God after discovering his true mediocrity compared to Mozart: From this time we are enemies, You and l!Ill not accept it from Youdo you They say God is not mocked. I tell You, Man is not mocked! .. . I am not mocked! You are the Enemy! I name Thee nowAnemic Teeter! And this I swear: To my last breath I shall block You on earth, as far as I am able! What use, after all, is man, if not to teach God His lessons? Shaffer 47) This declaration is truly climactic in all aspects of the term. From this point on, Saltier vows to destroy the Creature, and succeeds quite nicely. The beginning of the falling action marks the beginning of Galleries moral fall, as well as Mozart fall from favor within the court.Amadeus has many characteristics of a classic tragedy. One interesting difference is the ending. The antagonist, dies in the end, and the protagonist lives. However, this is similar to the traditional ending because Saltier, the persona of evil through Jealousy and greed, is the one who lives, and Mozart, and innocent and talented spirit, dies racially. Throughout the novel, there is a motif of mediocrity. Galleries disdain for mediocrity is immediately made evident, through his description of his parents.Saltier wishes for nothing more than to be extraordinary, and is thoroughly disgusted Ninth himself and his god when he discovers he is merely average compared to Mozart. As Saltier puts it, We were both ordinary men, he and l. Yet from the ordinary, he created Legendsand I from Legends created only the ordinary! (Shaffer 70). Saltier resents God for his lack of musical fire and Mozart for having the musical fire he wishes to acquire. His distaste for the mediocre is finally somewhat absolved Ninth his final quote: Mediocrities everywherenow and to comel absolve you all.Amen! (Shaffer 96). Galleries absolute hate for the mediocre is what truly sparks his Insane Jealousy that causes him to lose sight of Gods love for him, and of the divine Justice in this world. Greed and Jealousy are both powerful forces on a mans life. They can blacken the soul, and cloud solid Judgment. The maelstrom created by these is one that cannot be easily overcome once it has reached its peak. Unfortunately, this is the main cause hat fogs over mans vision of the divine.

Nicaragua No parasan essays

Nicaragua No parasan essays In the documentary Nicaragua: No Pasaran, David Bradbury has presented a biased impression of reality, and has used many techniques to present this reality to the viewer. The aim of the documentary is to cause the viewer to feel sympthatetic to the Sandanista's and become distanced and "anti" towards the Americans. Both these two parties are portrayed very differently to achieve Bradbury's desired viewer positionment. The start of the documentary presents the Nicaraguan society with a community type spirit, giving off a festival type atmosphere. There is local-type music, and people present from all walks of life. They all seem to be happy, and the Sandanistan military is shown very briefly. Suddenly, this mood is juxtaposed with footage from a Nicaraguan mass funeral, which outlines the extreme differences in the Nicaraguan society. It becomes apparent that this conflict has political roots, and the viewer questions the motives of the enemy to the people at the funeral. The crowd is chanting "no pasaran" which translated means "no entry." Later in the documentary, it becomes apparent that the Nicaraguan's do not want American control of their county as a "puppet." A low camera angle shot of a soldier is seen in a stance which indicated to the viewer that the Nicaraguan people would prefer to protest by passive means rather than by aggressive ones, but is prepared to fight if it is deemed necessa ry for their survival. Already, in these opening scenes, Bradbury has positioned the viewer to begin to feel sympathetic toward the Nicaraguan's. The featured leader in the documentary of the Sandanista's and the Nicaraguan government is that of Thomas Borhes. This is done because Borhes is the one that the viewer can feel more sympathetic and supportive towards, because of what happened to him in the past. Plus, if they feel more sympathetic and supportive toward Borhes, then they can feel the same way (to) about the Nicaraguans as a whol...

Continuing Personal and Professional Development Essay

Continuing Personal and Professional Development - Essay Example Children as they grow, begin to sort out what is more of the value of them and also those items that are hazardous to their lives. In this instance, a child will be undergoing development in him or her that enables her or him to be able to detect such changes taking place and also make the right choice (Tassoni, 2007). As learning topic, child care, tries to cover all this aspects of the treatment that the young children need as they mature into their adulthood. Some institutions set the coverage of this topic in the section on the primary education (P.E) as a lesson of its own. Action plans are those simple tools that assist in the small scale planning of small activities. In this case, for example, the action plan will be useful in planning of all the activities that will be in place towards ensuring that the young children get the quality education they deserve. Action plans outline the step-step plans in place that ensures in the realization of the objectives that and individual has in mind. In this case, the plan assists the individual in doing some particular tasks that seems not attainable because of the congestion of the schedules or the program of activities (Charlesworth, 2011). In the case of physical education planning, action plans are more vital. It is because it enhances the coverage of the broad areas that needs to be in place for the teaching of the young children as they grow and develop in their lives. Children need to grow with healthy mind and body. As a result, they have to go through some physical exercise daily and in an organized manner. It is, for this reason that necessitates the application of the action plans by a teacher or any other physical trainer that takes the children through the physical education lesson. The plans also ensure that the set objectives meet the deadline to which each is set for within a

First Migration of Humans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

First Migration of Humans - Research Paper Example The early human migrations, or the movement and expansion of the first humans, can be classified into three main categories, based on the geological period in which they migrated and moved out of the area in which they lived in and around. The species of Hominid up to the Australopithecines and the early Homo habilis have occupied and inhabited the chained mountain valleys located in the eastern portion of the African continent. Approximately, between two to one million years ago, a group of people, the Homo ergaster who may possibly have descended from the Homo habilis moved out of the mountain valleys into a vaster and larger expanse of land. After a while, they moved around again, travelling on to eastern and central Asia. Along this journey of migration, these hominid species have evolved into the next group of hominids, the Homo erectus. The Homo erectus, the next Hominid species after the Homo habilis had a more robust body than the body type of modern human. They were the firs t group of hominids to be able to create rafts in order to cross over bodies of water, the first ones to live in a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle, and they were considered as the first to be able to create and make use of fire. One hundred twenty five thousand years ago, these people migrated to the Sahara, which at that time was green. However, they died out by ninety thousand years ago. This area was later reoccupied by the Neanderthals. Around eighty thousand years ago, a new Hominid species, the Homo heidelbergensis, emerged in Africa. Just like the earlier groups of Hominid species such as the Homo habilis and Homo ergaster, it too, migrated all the way through the entire continent of Africa and then later on, also notably, they became the first to move to Europe. This group of people showed similar characteristics as the Homo erectus in that it used the same Acheulean stone tool manufacturing and industry. However, their physical features were slightly different, their bone structures were larger and heavier and their hunting strategies were more strategized and systematic compared to the Homo erectus. The entire human population all over the world who are living today all belong to the classification of Homo sapiens, the final hominid species. This group of people is the only member of the genus Homo that was able to survive and live out the tough and harsh conditions in the early past. Based on the various facts and findings gotten from the oldest skull on Earth, which were found in Africa, the earliest Homo sapiens must have originated from the great continent about two hundred thousand years ago. The Homo sapiens are set apart from the earlier groups of Hominid species by their ability to think in a higher level, communicate with other humans through the use of a more developed language and to be able to live in a more complex manner. Current discoveries and results implicate that this species have appeared for the first time in East Africa. Later on, archeological and anthropological expeditions came across numerous skulls located at several places in East Africa such as in Ethiopia and Tanzania. After eighty five thousand years since their first appearance, they have started to expand their populace to South, Southwest and central Africa. Each skull found showed an advanced transition in physical form, implying that migration has taken place. Mitochondrial DNA studies have confirmed these results. After this migration, the Homo sapiens move out of Africa, moving on to the

Smith v. United States Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Smith v. United States - Research Paper Example The petitioners, as well as their parents, had beforehand involved in parallel activities, and they chose to partake in the program. The school had instituted a policy sanctioning students to put on arm bands carrying political symbols, but had prohibited the wearing of armbands disapproving the Vietnam War (Farish, 1997). The policy detailed that any student putting on an armband to school would be requested to remove it, and if the subject declined, he would be suspended till he resumed schooling without the armband. The petitioners wore black bands on December 16, to their school while John Tinker donned his armband the next day. The petitioners were told to go back home and suspended from school and advised to go back without their armbands (Thomas & Dale, 2009). The petitioners sought nominal damages and an injunction in opposition to a regulation that the respondents had transmitted prohibiting the wearing of armbands (Farish, 1997). ... the 1st Amendment, the school district subsequently contravened the safeguards established in the 14th Amendment that guarantees that constitutional rights are extended to all citizens, inclusive of students and teachers (Gold, 2007). The Background and Issue of the Case The petitioners, John F. Tinker (15 years old) and the Christopher Eckhardt (16 years old), were High school students in Des Moines, Iowa. The other petitioner, Mary Beth Tinker, was a junior high school student and John’s sister. Subsequent to an evidentiary hearing, the District Court threw out the complaint and sustained that the prohibition was reasonable and constitutional so as to safeguard disorder of school discipline (258 F. Supp. 971 (1966). The case was discharged since the law allowed the Board to exercise its power, notwithstanding the absence of any finding of considerable intrusion with the conduct of school activities (Burnside v. Byars, 363 F. 2d 744, 749 (1966). The Court of Appeals confirmed by an evenly divided court by holding that: in putting on armbands, the petitioners were quiet and passive and were not upsetting and did not intrude on the liberties enjoyed by others. As such, their conduct was agreeable to the safeguards availed by the 1st Amendment, plus the 14th Amendment. The court also asserted that the 1st Amendment rights are applicable to teachers and students alike, subject to application within exceptional circumstances such as the school environment (Thomas & Dale, 2009). A ban on expression of opinion devoid of any evidence on the necessity to circumvent considerable meddling with school discipline or the liberties of others is not allowable under First and Fourteenth Amendments. Constitutional Question(s)/ Issue Raised by the Case The core issues centres on the

Cuban Missile Crisis Decision Making

Cuban Missile Crisis Decision Making Introduction A decision can be defined as the culmination of a thought process analysing a problem. Good decision making is vital for the well being and safety of a man. Many men who have not given it a thought have come to grief because of poor decisions. Naturally we make poor decisions all from time to time, but a man needs to rediscover himself and identify those qualities, which are critical to good decision making. Historical perspective Background After the Second World War, most of the countries in Europe and Latin America became a fertile land for proxy wars between the two superpowers, i.e. USSR and USA. While the Soviet Union campaigned for communism in their areas of influence the USA promoted liberal democratic values and capitalism. The race for world domination was such that both the superpowers escalated the nuclear arms race and always prepared for a nuclear strike in their soil from the opposing camp. Naturally, they wanted to place nuclear missiles in areas that could reach the enemy state in terms of the range of the missiles. The Cuban Missile crisis was an example of such strategies. American intelligence The crisis came to surface on 14th October 1962 when the intelligence images provided by American U2 reconnaissance flights showed some spots in Cuba which were installing and moving nuclear missiles. President Kennedy and principal foreign policy and national defense officials were briefed on the U-2 findings and discussions were held about the course of action to be taken in response to the nuclear threat. Two principal plans were formulated an air strike and invasion, or a naval quarantine with the threat of further military action. President Kennedy decided to keep the findings confidential from the public eye, so as to avoid the chaos that would follow in response to such as dangerous nuclear threat. As American military units started being deployed in bases in South Eastern US, President Kennedy’s official schedules were maintained while secret discussions were periodically held with advisers to monitor the developments and come up with strategies to diffuse the situation. During this time, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in a visit to President Kennedy said that the Soviet aid being provided to Cuba were for defensive purposes and would pose no threat to the US. The US president kept the information he had about the nuclear missiles confidential. However, he also mentioned to the Soviet Foreign Minister that any threat to American national security would be dealt with in a harsh manner. Meanwhile, more images of from another U2 flight showed additional sites and the number of missiles were estimated to be between 16 to 32. American Response plans After 5 days of deliberations about the response to be taken, it was decided to go ahead with the plan to quarantine Cuba by US Navy ships. A decision to inform the American citizens was also taken. On the sixth day, President Kennedy was informed by General Walter Sweeney of the Tactical Air Command who tells him that an air strike could not guarantee 100% destruction of the missiles. To seek the advice of his predecessors former Presidents Hoover, Truman, and Eisenhower were briefed about the situation on the 7th day. The president also established the Executive Committee of the National Security Council to monitor the crisis everyday, and also informed his ally the British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of the situation. A letter was also sent to Soviet leader Khrushchev in which President Kennedy argued about the futile effort of a nuclear confrontation which would result in a catastrophic destruction of all parties concerned as well as the whole world. The president addressed the American citizens about the situation the same day in a televised conference. On the 23rd of October, the USA starts diplomatic maneuvers to gather international support against the aggression of the Soviets. Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs Edwin Martin seeks a resolution of support from the Organization of American States. Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson lays the matter before the U.N. Security Council. In this period, the American ships of the naval quarantine fleet move into place around Cuba. Soviet submarines threaten the quarantine by moving into the Caribbean area. However, Khrushchev orders Soviet ships on their way to Cuba to stop in the Atlantic about 750 miles away. This prevents a confrontation but, the oil tanker Bucharest continues towards Cuba. In the evening Robert Kennedy meets with Ambassador Dobrynin at the Soviet Embassy. Russian Response and American Counter response On the 24th of October the Soviet premier sends a letter to President Kennedy. President Khrushchev’s response to the letter sent by US president Kennedy indicated that the Soviets were not willing to take away Missiles and blamed the US for showing aggression by carrying out a naval quarantine. According to the Soviets, the US was trying to intimidate them by threatening to use force against the Soviet ship thereby, endangering international peace. The next day, Kennedy writes a letter to Khrushchev to urge him to step down. He had been briefed that some of the missiles in Cuba had already become operational. Meanwhile, the U.N. tries to negotiate a settlement by suggesting a short period for cooling down the tension. However, it is rejected by the US because the missiles could be deployed at any time given that it had already become operationally ready. U.S. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson in a debate at the Security Council shows the photographs of the missiles in presence of the Soviet ambassador Valerian Zorin. The US president also orders his Air Force to increase the number of flights over Cuba from once a day to twice a day, so as to gather more intelligence.Photographic evidence shows accelerated construction of the missile sites and the uncrating of Soviet IL-28 bombers at Cuban airfields. During this period Cuban president Fidel Castro urges the Soviets to initiate a nuclear first strike, but Khrushchev is not prepared for a nuclear war. So, he sends a letter to Kennedy with an offer to remove the missiles if the Americans agree to lift the quarantine along with a promise that it will not invade Cuba. American intelligence in this period shows that construction activities of missile sites are progressing at an alarming speed, so the USA starts discussing about invading Cuba to control the missile sites. However, they become concerned that invading Cuba would definitely result in a war that could turn nuclear. On the 12th day of the crisis another letter from Moscow is received in Washington. This letter demands the removal of American missile from Turkey in exchange for removal of missiles from Cuba. Deliberation in Washington decides to ignore this second letter and respond only to the previous one. At the mean time the American Air force is kept in high alert to be ready for an invasion, if it is decided. Later that night, Robert Kennedy, President Kennedy’s confidante meets secretly with Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin where it is agreed that the Soviets would remove the missiles under United Nations supervision in exchange for an American pledge not to invade Cuba. Theories used in crisis decision making Rational actor model Rational actor model attempts to describe a states behavior as that of a perfectly rational individual, who is normally assumed to have perfect situational knowledge, and who attempts to optimize whatever values/goals are sought in a given situation. (Slantchev, 2005). The basic assumption of this model is that in a difficult situation nation consider all options and act rationally to maximize their utility. Under this model: Governments are treated as the primary actor. The government examines a set of goals, evaluates them according to their utility, then picks the one that has the highest payoff. The action is chosen as a calculated solution to a strategic problem Explanation consists of showing what goal the government was pursuing when it acted and how the action was a reasonable choice given the nation’s objective The formal way of defining rational actor model is by using four key concepts.In order to determinethe possible cause of actions of nations following criteria must be analyzed. Scrutinize reading of this concept also reveals the process of development of decision by national leader. (1) The Goals and Objectives of the Nation, (2) The Alternatives, (3) The Consequences, 4) The Choice the nation made Organization process model An organizational process model is one of the decision making model in which there is time and information limitations and Decision makers involved does not seek an optimal solution rather attempts to find a solution which achieves a set (minimum) goal, and minimizes risk of failure. The organizational model focuses mainly on four concepts On the type of group and office involved Type of information The task being done The task that the groups are actually capable of doing This model attempts to forecast thefuture activities of organization based on its present activity. The organizations involved in the decision making were military, Intelligence, White house. The personnel involved were some core group decision makers. The type of information that the group got was from the CIA efforts of collecting data on Cuba and a standard protocol that planned airreconnaissance in the Cuban air space .The detail information about the presence of missile proved to be important. But there were also criticism that the information provided was not in time Kennedy chose the option of naval blockade in Cuba. It was made possible by the factthat, A big and strong navy already existed in U.S. and Navy had already prepared and rehearsed a comprehensive operational plan. The organization process model attempts to define action that is otherwise not described by rational actor model. It explains all the actions during the crisis are not only the result of rational decision making but also the consequence of normal organizational processes. For example, in Cuban missile crisis, the strategy of Russians was different at different time period. While the ships were being taken to Cuba, the secrecy and camouflage was given the highest priority. But once the ship reached Cuba, there priority shifted on building missile bases. The government politics model The third model is recognized as thegovernmental politics model or bureaucratic model and is characterized by the use of various decision makers and committee leadership.(Sexton, 2007) . The Government politics model adopted by the administration of the US president highlights The personalities of individuals, Their backgrounds and Theinterdependent influences among each other in a group. President Kennedy selected the core group advisors and depended on them for taking decision. The advisors also comprised of his own brother Robert, the nations Attorney General at the time and TheodoreSorenson. Governmental Behavior Model A Governmental Behavior Model focuses on the individuals that took part in the decision making , their background , their personality traits , the level of information they had and their overall influence in overall decision making process. It emphasizes that actions may not be the result of one monolithic entity choosing the most rational action, but rather the integrated and refined effort of many people with different background, objectives, information and estimates of outcomes that were discussed and compromised. For example, Kennedy put together a committee of advisors, including his national security advisor, the head of the state department, the head of the DoD, and other acting government leaders, a former ambassador to Russia, a retired State Department administrator, and others. The Transcripts of tapes of the White House discussions, the book that were made public later clearly shows the debating and decision-making process. It includes how various members of the discussi on brought up ideas, changed sides, and fused their ideas together.. (John, 2010) Small group model In the Cuban missile crisis, The decision making process reflected the small group model . The decision was solely made by the EXCOMM and the president. This model emphasize on the need for secrecy, decisiveness in policy making, speed and an extraordinary degree of liquidity in the flow of information to and from the White House.(Gopalan, 2014). President Kennedy created the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (EXCOM) to advise him on the Cuban Missile Crisis. The EXCOMM was formally established by National Security Action Memorandum 196 on Oct 22, 1962. Outcome of Cuban missile Crisis Kennedy certainly came out of the crisis with a reputation greatly enhanced in the west. Khrushchev, for his part, was deemed by his colleagues to have suffered a humiliation, and the crisis was one of the issues that led to his being deposed in October 1964. They both have showed responsible leadership and a means to find a peaceful resolution. They both have rejected hard-line advices and were careful not to escalate the crisis. Khrushchev might even be said to have shown greater courage in making what was publicly seen as the larger concessions. In the aftermath of the crisis they both worked to improve relation and prevent a recurrence of such a confrontation. The â€Å"hotline† allowing direct communication between both leaders was installed and the Partial Test Ban Treaty of September 1963 signified a 1st step towards arm control. Kennedy’s hope to build on these steps, brutally ended by his assassination in November 1963, further heightened his statesman- like image. However both men had acted recklessly in bringing the crisis about. Khrushchev and Castro should have realized the danger of secretly introducing nuclear weapons into Cuba. They could not be kept secret, and the US reaction should have been predictable. Conventional forces, perhaps a couple of Soviet armored brigades, should have been enough to deter a US invasion of Cuba, without risking a major confrontation. And Kennedy could have too secretly requested to remove the missile, might have avoided a confrontation. Finally, the world was fortunate that the greatest crisis of the Cold War era was deescalated. If the technology advances have made missile launch shorter and submarines quitter and when decisions could be made in minutes, the consequences could easily have been catastrophic. After the Cuban Missile Crisis both sides were careful to avoid such circumstances. One Missile Crisis was enough. Bibliography Allison, G. P. (1999). Essence of Decision. New York: Longman. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy Cuban Missile crisis. (2014). Retrieved April 18, 2014, from HISTORY: http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis Cuban Missile Crisis. (2014). Retrieved April 23, 2014, from John of Keneddy Presidential Library and Museum.: http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Cuban-Missile-Crisis.aspx. Elite theory. (2014, 25 April). Retrieved April 30, 2014, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_theory Essence of Decision. (2014, May 03). Retrieved May 03, 2014, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence_of_Decision Gopalan, K. (2014). Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Retrieved April 24, 2014, from FOREIGN POLICY JOURNAL : http://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2010/08/16/kennedy-and-the-cuban-missile-crisis/ John, M. (2010, January 12). Essense of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Retrieved april 23, 2014, from Essense of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis: http://marieljohn.blogspot.com/2010/01/essense-of-decision-explaining-cuban.html L.Slantchev. (n.d.). Chapter 13. Decision Making in Politics. . Retrieved April 24, 2014, from The Challenge of politics , the introduction of political science: http://college.cqpress.com/sites/challenge/Home/chapter13.aspx 1

Cellular Reproduction :: science

Cellular Reproduction Cellular Reproduction is the process by which all living things produce new organisms similar or identical to themselves. This has to happen because if a species were not able to reproduce, that species would quickly become extinct. Reproduction consists of a basic pattern: the conversion by a parent organism of raw materials into offspring or cells that will later develop into offspring. The reproductive process, whether asexual or sexual always involves an exchange in hereditary material from the parents so that the new organism may also be able to reproduce. Reproductive processes can be categorized into either asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is any form of reproduction that does not require the union of male and female reproductive material (sperm or egg). Most single celled organisms reproduce by the asexual process known as fission, which is commonly called mitosis. Fission is The splitting of a nucleus into two roughly equal parts accompanied by the release of a pretty large amount of energy. Interphase, the first phase of the cell cycle and also the phase before mitosis, starts as soon as the cell is born. Interphase is broken up into three phases, G1, S, and G2. During the G1 phase, the cell increases in mass except for the chromosomes, which stay the same. Protein synthesis is also occurring during this phase. If a cell doesn't divide further, it remains in the G1 phase. Next is the S phase, in which the mass of the cell continues to increase, and DNA is duplicated, and then the chromosomes divide. During the G2 phase of Interphase, the cell becomes double its mass at birth, the chromosomes beg in to shorten and coil, and the centrioles appear, the cell is now ready to enter into mitosis. In the first phase of mitosis, prophase, the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles split in half and then move to opposite sides of the cell. At this point chromosomes have formed into two chromatids separated by a structure called a centromere. Spindle fibers are barely visible. During metaphase, the second phase of mitosis, the two chromatids line up along the equator of the cell. Each chromatid has its own spindle fiber. Next comes the third phase of mitosis, Anaphase, in which the centromeres break in half, causing each of the two chromatids to start to be pulled to different sides of the cell.

Educating African American Men

  In the last quarter century, the social and economic status of the African American male in the US has been described to be steadily deteriorating (Johnson, Farrell, & Braithwaite, 2001).   Ã‚  There are an estimated 18 million African American men in the US today, but majority of this number encounter problems and challenges unique to the African American community (Independent Lens, 2007).Numerous studies have shown that the rates of school failure, unemployment, homicide, incarceration, and other anti-social behaviors for African American males far exceed those for their Caucasian, Hispanic, and Asian male counterparts (Johnson et al., 2001).Statistics from the Bureau of Justice show that African American victimization rates in 2000 alone were higher by 20% as compared to those in the general population, while homicide rate for African Americans have been 5 times higher than that of the general population for several decades.Homicide has been the primary cause of death for A frican American males between the ages of 15 to 34.   And while the percentage of African American men graduating from college has almost quadrupled since the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, more and more African American males are earning their high school equivalency diplomas in prison each year instead of graduating from college (Independent Lens, 2007).The Bureau of Justice Statistics further provide that less than half of African American boys graduate from high school four years after entering the ninth grade.   More than half of the US’ 5.6 million African American boys (below 18) live in fatherless households, 40% of which are impoverished.And while the ranks of professional African American men have experienced a huge increase in the last four decades (for instance, as of 2004 there were 78,000 African American male engineers, which was a 33% increase in 10 years), 840,000 African American men remain incarcerated, with the chances of an African American boy serving time increasing nearly threefold in the last three decades (Independent Lens, 2007).Related studies further support the evidence presented by the Bureau of Justice Statistics.  Ã‚   Edelman and Offner (2006) in their study indicate that in inner cities, more than half of all African American men do not finish high school.   In 2000, 65% of African American male high school dropouts in their 20s were jobless – meaning, they were unable to find work, or were not seeking work, or were incarcerated.   By 2004, the number of jobless African American men increased to 72%, compared to 34% for Caucasian men, and 19% for Hispanic male high school dropouts.   In 2004 as well, half of African American men in their 20s were jobless, and these numbers unfortunately included African American men who had earned their high school diplomas (Edelman & Offner, 2006).Furthermore, the movement of the labor force away from factory-based jobs has left unskilled workers of all races with fewer and fewer job options.   As of 2004, 50% of African American men in their 20s who did not have a college education were jobless, while 72% of African American male high school dropouts remained jobless (Western, 2006).These staggering statistics perhaps sadly reflect the difficult life that many African American men in the US have to face.   The inequality and punishment that lower-income African American men must deal with on a daily basis has been much documented in many studies.These economic and social challenges may be rooted in the African American subculture, and would require an extensive analysis of the cultural patterns and behaviors.The statistics showing the unemployment rate of lower-income African American males have also shown that they do not receive the same kind of opportunity that their Caucasian counterparts may have – however, the statistics also show that this status of being unemployed may be largely attributed to the lack of education o f the African American male.Dropping out of high school, not completing a college education, incarceration – all these are factors which contribute to the social and economic deterioration of the African American male.As a way of addressing this social and economic deterioration of the African American male, this study will attempt to draw up a learning community which will allow for the African American adult male to achieve his fullest potential.  Ã‚   The paper will seek to establish a system of adult education wherein African American males may have the opportunity to elevate and improve their social and economic status in society.Section 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Background  Subsection 1.1.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Definition of a Learning CommunityThe concept of a â€Å"learning community† involves two distinct words which have been used in varying but traditionally separate contexts (â€Å"Learning Community – A Definition,† 1998).   The Encyc lopà ¦dia Britannica defines learning as â€Å"the alteration of behavior as a result of individual experience.   When an organism can perceive and change its behavior, it is said to learn† (â€Å"Learning,† 2007).On the other hand, TheFreeDictionary defines community as â€Å"a group of organisms or populations living and interacting with one another in a particular environment.   The organisms in a community affect each other’s abundance, distribution, and evolutionary adaptation† (â€Å"Community,† 2007).Taking the two definitions together, a learning community can then be understood to be an environment wherein a population lives and interacts with each other in order to perceive and change their behavior.Within the academic setting, more specific definitions of a learning community have been provided for in previous research studies.  Ã‚   The concept has been defined as something located in the context of education for the young â€⠀œ 4 or 5 years old until 17 years old – as composing â€Å"a group of students and at least one educator who, for a while and motivated by common vision and will, are engaged in the pursuit of acquiring knowledge, abilities and attitudes† (â€Å"Learning Community – A Definition,† 1998).Kowch and Schwier (1997) in their study defines a learning community as â€Å"a collection of individuals who are bound together by natural will and a set of shared ideas and ideals† (p. 1) and as composed of â€Å"autonomous, independent individuals engaged by influencing each other with a learning process† (Kowch & Schwier, 1997, p. 1).Cross (1998) provides for a similar definition of learning communities as â€Å"groups of people engaged in intellectual interaction for the purpose of learning† (p.4).In her outline, Kirby (2000) identifies different types of learning community models: · Technological learning community.   This model involves stu dents who are connected through technological communications.   The educational program, which is linked to schools, is offered online to students. ·Community education involvement.   This model involves entire communities participating in the operation of public schools and their educational outcomes. ·Cohort learning community.   This last model identified by Kirby involves students who go through an entire educational program or set of courses as cohorts.   Student cohorts are students â€Å"commencing a course of study in a particular year with a particular higher education provider† (â€Å"Glossary A-Z,† 2007).A cohort learning community may be presented in different ways: 1) college undergraduate students with the same major housed in the same dorm, with special arrangements provided for group study; 2) courses taught as a unit, whether for a semester or a school year, with the same students enrolled in each of the classes in the unity; 3) students be ginning an academic program together, being exposed to the same knowledge base, and eventually graduating together (Kirby, 2000).Each of these three learning community models may be applied in various ways and at various educational levels.   Past studies on learning communities have also identified different learning community models.   For instance, Shapiro and Levine (1999) categorized learning community models as paired/clustered courses, freshman interest groups, team-taught programs, and/or residential learning communities.On the other hand, Lenning and Ebbers (1999) categorized learning community models as curricular, classroom, residential, and student-type.  Ã‚   In their study, Freeman, Field, and Dyrenfurth (2001) integrate these previous models and have come up with four general categories for learning community models: ·Collateral course-based learning community model.   This category is identical to Kirby’s (2000) cohort learning community model.   S tudents may take two or more courses together as a cohort group.   This model may involve only two classes or the students’ entire course program for one or more semesters.   Educational programs may be discipline-based or cross-disciplinary theme-based. ·Residential learning community model.   Again, this is similar to Kirby’s (2000) cohort learning model, in that students live together in the same house or dormitory.   Unlike Kirby’s model however, this model proposed by Freeman, et al. (2001), does not necessarily require that the students take common classes or the same course.According to Shapiro and Levine (1999), the residential learning community model integrates the living and academic environment of the students involved. ·Freshman interest groups.   This learning community involves entering a freshman with a particular subject interest, not necessarily in the same major, and allowing the freshman to take grouped or linked courses around that specific area of interest. ·Student-type learning community model.   This learning model, such as honor students, and students with disabilities.   It may or may not involve common courses or living arrangements (Freeman et al., 2001).For purposes of this paper, it is important to understand the definition of a learning community since the latter basically pertains to a group of learners.   In this case, the particular group of learners are African American male adults.   It thus becomes relevant to provide a background on what a learning community is in order to understand how to set about developing an appropriate learning community for African American male adults.It is noteworthy to point out that application of one learning community model does not necessarily mean the exclusion of another model or models.  Ã‚   According to Freeman et al. (2001), a learning community may be structured by following either one model or a combination of models, or even an entirel y new and different model.There is no required or strict standard which must be followed since the needs of the student population or target audience will necessarily vary per environment.  Ã‚   Rasmussen and Skinner (1997) in their landmark study on learning communities provides for the following insight:â€Å"The best design will depend on [the] institutional environment and the specific disciplines to be integrated as well as the characteristics of the faculty and students who will participate.The goal is to provide a richer range of learning experiences to our students and contribute to a more vibrant and supportive campus environment for students and faculty alike† (Rasmussen & Skinner, 1997, p. 15).Regardless of the learning community model selected however, the essence of a learning community should be producing a collaborative, harmonious environment between the teachers and the students.   It should allow for greater interaction of students with their teachers an d peers.   Correlational evidence shows that students who participate in learning communities display more intellectual growth and get more out of their education than less involved students (Cross, 1998).

Cost Reduction Strategy The WritePass Journal

Cost Reduction Strategy Introduction Cost Reduction Strategy ). Horizontal integration Supermarkets have economies of scope when they offer a variety of products or services that do not comprise the usual basic goods and services available in supermarket stores (Abernathy et al, 2000). Such products and services may include ready cooked meals, financial services (such as retail banking), fuel stations, clothing and furniture, among other diverse provisions through a single service infrastructure, the store. These not only meet today’s busy shopper’s preference for a one-stop shop, but also lead to the provision of a complementary variety of products concentrated on the supermarkets core competence (Hines et al, 2004). This results in the distribution of costs over a wide and diverse range of products resulting in overall savings. The expansion of stores such as Morrisons, Tesco and Sainsbury into various service-provision segments (demand-driven diversification) so as to appeal to the modern consumer illustrates this strategy (Morrisons, 2012). A supermarket chain may also pursue related diversification building upon and extending existing capability, resources or expertise to achieve greater competitiveness. Cost savings are enabled when a business transfers expertise in one business to a new business, as well as in the businesses sharing operational skills and know-how, facilities, equipment or other existing assets including intangible assets such as corporate core competence (Handï ¬ eld and Nichols, 2002). This can be illustrated by the entry of supermarket chains such as Morrisons, Tesco and Sainsbury into the convenience store segment in pursuit of customer preference for smaller stores and small frequent shopping trends. This venture is in order to supplement waning revenues of larger stores (Morrisons, 2012). Outsourcing The progress of the general-purpose technology such as information technology (IT) enables the reduction of market transaction costs which leads to increased capacity for outsourcing (Abernathy et al, 2000). Outsourcing for a supermarket chain may entail contracting suppliers to undertake time-consuming and logistically challenging tasks such as warehousing and distribution, as well as new services such as the ready-cooked food segments. Such a strategy is necessitated if the existing mode of in-house performance of these tasks is more costly than obtaining it through market transactions or some form of long term contractual relationship (Hines et al, 2004). Efficiency is thereby enhanced in the conduct of the supermarket’s core activities, reducing costs associated with outsourced tasks and enhancing potential revenues increases. Product or service redesign Many supermarket chains are seeking to tap into new segments such as the online marketplace not only to meet customer preferences but also to reduce costs associated with its usual processes (Abernathy et al, 2000). In this customers order for product items which are then sent to their stated locations cutting off a number of processes that were hitherto undertaken thereby enabling significant savings. Morrisons, Tesco and Sainsbury, among other supermarket chains are pursuing such new market segments in pursuit of enhanced competitiveness and customer preference (Morrisons, 2012). Airline We consider an airline whose business provides basic services of passenger travel including scheduling, preparation and planning for flights, check-in, actual flight to destinations, and customer service. Pursuit of scope economics, outsourcing and product or service redesign which are the cost reduction methods focused upon in this paper are herein discussed with regard to an airline business. Economies of scope In this regard, vertical and horizontal integration mechanisms are discussed outlining their contribution to cost reduction. Vertical integration Vertical integration for an airline may entail the uptake of activities beyond its usual scope such as ticketing commonly undertaken by local service providers along its supply chain. Progress into such fronts is greatly enhanced by developments in internet technologies which enable customers to book flights, buy and print out tickets online, reducing the need for staff and investment on facilities dedicated to this task (Abernathy et al, 2000). This removes the costs of commissions paid out to the service providers as well as related organizational costs resulting in cost savings and greater efficiency. Horizontal integration To achieve economies of scope and thereby reductions in cost, an airline might venture into the cargo segment, customizing some of its existing planes for this purpose and delegating some staff under its organizational structure to run processes associated with cargo handling and transport. Through this related diversification of operations, the firm is able to build upon or extend its existing capability, resources or areas of expertise to achieve greater competitiveness (Handï ¬ eld and Nichols, 2002). An airline could also pursue mergers or scope acquisitions, to enhance or extend its product portfolio. This is a common trend in the industry with airlines frequently collaborating and coordinating their activities to achieve efficiency gains as well as to widen their geographical markets, reaching to routes across the globe and specific markets served by partner airlines which might not be feasible for it as a single entity (VBA, 2011). It has also become a common trend for airlines to invest in hotels and other facilities in the hospitality industry so as to tap onto an existing demand, as well as to reduce their costs in cases of delays and other unforeseen circumstances which usually result in added costs for the airline. This strategy turns the airlines previous challenges into strengths, as well as providing a revenue stream from related divestiture. Horizontal integration can be illustrated by Virgin airlines in its strategic alliances with Etihad Airways and Delta Air Lines which enhance its reach to the TransPacific Los Angeles route and the Abu Dhabi route, its gateway to Europe, Africa and the Middle East, with the collaboration benefiting all the partner airlines (VBA, 2011). Outsourcing Outsourcing for an airline is undertaken to streamline operations and enhance service quality (Wynstra et al., 2001). Tasks such as aircraft maintenance and ground support, as well as food processing for service on-board are labour-intensive and specialized tasks that can be outsourced if costs of contracting them are favourable. This would enable the airline to enhance focus on customer service and operations related to flight reducing overheads and other cost requirements. An example is Navitaire, a service supplier for airlines, which offers an extensive global distribution suite enabling low-cost reservations which has enabled the improvement of profitability especially among the low-cost airlines using the service, lower operational and distribution costs   and generation of ancillary revenues (Abernathy et al, 2000). Product/service redesign To enhanced service offerings in the competitive business environment and, as well, to rein in on rising costs, it is incumbent upon airline companies to conduct frequent network reviews, fleet realignments, operational integration so as to ensure that they remain profitable, effective and efficient in their processes. The company in the redesign and realignment should be bold enough to undertake thought-out exit from the non-profitable routes lowering its liabilities and costs. An example is Virgin Australia’s endeavour at restructuring in 2011 following its poor performance evident in its 2010 financial results (VBA, 2011). Conclusion For sustainability, the aim of the cost-cutting strategy is to maximize efficiency without compromising growth potential. To achieve this, companies need to identify core competencies upon which focus is enhanced and efficiency improved, with the non-core functions being trimmed and consolidated to achieve reduction in unnecessary costs (Hines et al, 2004). Such savings can be reinvested in critical assets, enhancing core competencies and thereby improving overall efficiency. References Abernathy, F., J., Dunlop, and J., Hammond, 2000. â€Å"Retailing and supply chains in the information age.† In: Technology in Society, Vol. 22, pp. 5-31. Campbell, A., 1992. Building Core Skills. In: Andrew Campbell and Kathleen Luchs: Strategic Synergy. London: Butterworth Heinemann. Handï ¬ eld, R., and E., Nichols, 2002. Supply Chain Redesign: Transforming Supply Chains into Integrated Value Systems. Financial Times. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Hill, M., R., Ireland, and R.., Hoskisson, 2001. Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. Fourth Edition. South-Western College Publishing, Hines, P., M., Holweg, and N., Rich, 2004. â€Å"Learning to evolve: a review of contemporary lean thinking.† In: International Journal of Operations Production Management, Vol. 24 No. 10, pp. 994-1012. Morrisons, 2012. Food with thought: Corporate responsibility review 2011/12. Wm Morrisons Supermarkets PLC. Sanchez, R., 2000. â€Å"Modular architectures, knowledge assets and organizational learning: new management processes for product creation.† In: International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 19, No 6. Salvador, F., C., Forza, and M., Rungtusanatham, 2002. â€Å"Modularity, product variety, production volume, and component sourcing: theorizing beyond generic prescriptions.† In: Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 20, pp. 549-75. Silverman, B., 1999. â€Å"Technological resources and the direction of corporate diversification: Toward an integration of the Resource-Based View and Transaction Cost Economics.† In: Management Science, 45 (8), 1109–1124. VBA financial report, 2011. Virgin Australia group of companies. 30th June. Viewed from: virginaustralia.com/au/en/about-us/media/2011/VA-FY11-ASX/ Womack, J., and D., Jones, 2003. Lean Thinking, 2nd ed., Free Press Business, London. Wynstra, F., A., Weele, and M., Weggemann, 2001. â€Å"Managing supplier involvement in product development: three critical issues.† In: European Management Journal, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 157-66. Hampson, , 1999. â€Å"Lean Production and the Toyota Production System: the Case of the Forgotten Production Concepts.† In: Economics and Industrial Democracy, Volume 20: 369-391