Different Cultures Integrating Into Australia Changed The...

In what ways has the different cultures integrating into Australia changed the food and hospitality industry? The influence of Australia’s integrated cultures on the food and hospitality industry. ‘75% of Australians identified with an ancestry other than Australian in the 2011 Census. 43% have at least one parent who has born overseas. 30% of the population were born in another country. In all, Australians come from over 200 birthplaces.’ http://www.racismnoway.com.au/about-racism/population/ Australian food, before the different cultures started to integrate into the country, were simple home cooked meals such as, roast, mash with sausages, chicken parmi and more. With the influx of cultures during the 20th century into Australia, also came their traditions as well as their cultural foods. This investigation researches the impact that these cultures have had on the food and hospitality industry in Australia. This investigation is linked in with the area of study 4: sociocultural influences and focuses on the influence of Australia’s diverse cultures impacting the hospitality industry. Scope of the Study The aim of the investigation is to determine the effect that these diverse cultures have had on the food and hospitality industry and the main cultural influences in Australia. The following focus questions will help guide the investigation. †¢ What were some of the first countries coming into Australia? (When did they integrate?) †¢ How the different cultures haveShow MoreRelatedSales and Marketing Hell Pizza Report6768 Words   |  28 Pagesreport has been compiled to gain an understanding of marketing strategy of Hell Pizza chain operator based in New Zealand. The company operates through 65 outlets in New Zealand and franchised in Britain, Canada, India, Korea and Australia (Restaurant and Food Services Industry in New Zealand, 2012). 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The Tragedy Of Hamlet As A Literary Criticism Written By...

Analytical Essay Assignment The drama, â€Å"Hamlet belongs to the genre of the revenge tragedy†. In â€Å"Hamlet’s Dull Revenge†, which is a literary criticism written by Rene Girard, the author explores the relationship between revenge and catharsis? This revenge tragedy play focusses on Hamlet’s ability to delay achieving revenge for his father’s death, and suggests that his delays are not external or circumstantial, but rather internal. The author examines the reader’s frustrations about Hamlet’s delay to avenge his father’s death, and since violence and his need for revenge is what motivates Hamlet to perform certain actions in this play, it could be argued that these two actions has sealed his destiny for the future. The fact that Hamlet believed that Claudius killed his father, a violent act , and he waited to seek revenge affirms that Shakespeare believed, that in order to perform revenge, the aggressor must first beli eve in the guilt of his or her intended victim, thereby establishing a cause for carrying out the appropriate form of justice. Revenge is often a violent response or anger or injury against someone. Violence is the root cause of revenge that has impacted much of Hamlet’s life and has also robbed him of his integrity. After Hamlet’s father is killed, he falls into s deep depression and appears to grow mad. Then, Hamlet develops a scheme to find out if his uncle, Claudius is really guilty of murdering his father, the king. Seemingly, Claudius fails theShow MoreRelatedCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 PagesConsciousness of the Proletariat and Towards a Methodology of the Problem of Organisation which were both written specially for this collection during a period of enforced leisure. They, too, are based on already existing occasional pieces. Although they have now been partly revised, no systematic attempt has been made. to remove the traces of the particular circumstances in which they were written. In some cases a radical recasting of an essay would have meant destroying what I regard as its inner

Beauty Ltd And Ugly Ltd Overall Performance - 1200 Words

From the two given companies, Beauty ltd and Ugly ltd overall performance, we can see that the both companies are performing well. But by evaluating the performance of company, the company Ugly is in better position as per the investor’s point of view. As the standard deviation of Beauty company is 0.02 and Ugly ltd has 0.07 which is much higher than market rate, 0.01. The company Ugly has higher standard deviation than market rate. Along with this, the calculation of Beta for Beauty Company is 0.051 and Ugly is 0.05 the beta portfolio is 0.11.the capital assets pricing model for beauty co and Ugly company is 48% and 55% respectively. The weighted average cost of capital for Beauty ltd is 60% and 63%. The company with high†¦show more content†¦The capital assets pricing model gives the information about the relationship between risk and expected return the investors can received. The Ugly limited has highest amount 55% which means that investors can receive high return from investing in Ugly Company. The cost of capital of Ugly Company is 3% higher than beauty ltd. Along with 55 debts and 45 equity, the cost of capital is 3% higher in Ugly. Based on the calculation, from both the company, Ugly Company is more profitable as per the investor’s point of view. The company is less risky in the market than Beauty Company and at the same time the rate of return is also much higher than other company. So, the investor can earn more return on investment. The main factors which influence the investors to invest their money in particular company which is less risky projects in the business along less fluctuating the market price or share price of the company. In addition to this, the opportunity to get higher and stable return in the market also plays an important part in attracting the potential stakeholders to invest in company in order to get higher return. Based on the calculation, Ugly company will able to give return on investment which is 6% higher than Beauty Company and at the same time it is less risky in the market. With the same proportion of equity and debt in the both company,

Mixtures, Solutions, Suspensions and Colloids free essay sample

Some colloids are translucent which causes particles to be scattered throughout the colloid, whilst other colloids may be opaque or have a slight color. PROPERTIES (Particle Visibility, Particle Distribution, Filterability, Particle Size, Nature, Appearance) SOLUTION Not visible to the Naked Eye Even throughout/Completely dissolved Not be easily separated Technically small Homogeneous Transparent SUSPENSION Easily seen with the Naked Eye Equally dispersed/ Not dissolved at all Easily separated Large Heterogeneous Opaque COLLOID Hard spotting with The Naked Eye Undissolved particles /Partially dissolved Not easily separated Intermediate Heterogeneous Translucent TABLE SHOWING PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MIXTURES METHODS OF SEPARATION There are several methods of separation. These methods vary based on whether the components are solid, liquid or gas. The most common known methods are as follows: 1. Distillation 2. Separating funnel 3. Filtration 4. Solvent extraction 5. Paper chromatography 6. Recrystalization 7. Evaporation 8. Sublimation DISTILLATION This is defined as the process of boiling a liquid and condensing and collecting the vapor. The liquid is collected in a distillate. It is used to purify liquids and to separate liquid mixtures. There are two main forms of distillation which are simple distillation and fractional distillation. SIMPLE DISTILLATION This is used to obtain a pure solvent from a solution; for example, pure water from sea water. The impure liquid is heated until evaporation which will produce a pure vapor. This vapor is condensed by cooling and the pure liquid is obtained. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION This is used with liquids of similar boiling points. Effective separation can be achieved by using a fractionating column attached to the distillation vessel and filled with glass beads. Vapor from the liquid rises up the column until it condenses and runs back into the vessel. The rising vapor in the column flows over the descending liquid. The vapor in the column has more volatile components towards the top and the less volatile components at the bottom. Various fractions of the mixture can be drawn of the mixture can be drawn off at points on the column. SEPARATING FUNNEL One can use a separating funnel to separate a pair of immiscible liquids. This is due to the distinct layers between the two liquids, in which the more dense liquid will be at the bottom, while the less dense liquid will be at the top. FILTRATION This is defined as a method of separating suspended solids from liquids, which in this case means both liquids and gases. The solid may be an impurity to be removed from a liquid product, or the desired product, so the liquid can be discarded. The separation of water from soil can be an example where this type of separation can be used. A filter paper is used in the process of separation. When pressure is applied to the mixture, the solvent is pushed through a semi-permeable membrane which is the filter paper. The solute is then trapped in the filter paper whilst the solvent passes through, thus separating the former mixture. SOLVENT EXTRACTION This is defined as the process of separating one constituent from a mixture by dissolving it in a solvent in which it is soluble but in which the other constituents of the mixture are not. The process is usually carried out in the liquid phases, in which case it is also known as liquid-liquid extraction. In this process, the solution containing the desired constituent must be immiscible; that is, not able to mix; with the rest of the mixture. The process is widely used in extracting oil from oil-bearing materials. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY Paper chromatography is defined as a technique used to separate, purify or identify substances by allowing a solvent or solvent system to move over a strip of filter paper or chromatography paper containing these substances. A spot of the mixture to be investigated is placed on the edge of the paper. This point is known as the origin or baseline. Then, the sheet is suspended vertically in a solvent. The spot then rises or moves by capillary action carrying components with it. The components of the investigated spot move at different rates as they absorb differently. After the paper is removed and dried, there is a line of the different components, which also have spots on the line. The components can be identified by the distance they move in a given time. RECRYSTALLIZATION Solids are often pure when first prepared. This is when crystals of a solid are produced, usually from a saturated solution. In crystallization, a definite amount of the substance is dissolved in a specific amount of water in a beaker and is prepared to be heated. The solution is filtered since it is already hot. The insoluble impurities are then separated. Thirdly, the filtered solution is cooled to produce crystals of substances. The now obtained crystals are wet and so are dried by solar heating. EVAPORATION Evaporation is the transition of a liquid to a gaseous form under a temperature lower than its boiling point. The molecules in the water do not have enough heat energy to escape and so, as it gains enough heat, the liquid would turn to vapor. When a significant amount of heat is added to the liquid, it has enough heat energy to quickly phase to a vapor when the liquid’s boiling point is reached. The more energy added, the faster the molecules disperse. As they move this fast, the molecules collide, they take the heat energy they contain and therefore transfer such energy in different amounts. Because of the angle on collision, the transfer can have such an effect that it causes the molecule to escape the liquid as vapor. SUBLIMATION This method of separation is used to separate the solid which converts and reconverts from a solid to a gas from a mixture of solids. When the two compounds are gently heated, one substances collects on the base whilst the other substance, unaffected by heat, remains behind. The bonds are broken between the molecules and so turn the solid to gas and vice versa.

Improvement of Technology in Class Room

Question: Discuss the various strategies which takes to reduce the absenteeism from the class room? Answer: Absenteeism is defined as the absence of student from schools, colleges and due to various factors discussed in the detail part 1 of this portfolio and is summarized below- Absenteeism of student from school and colleges are given below Bullying financial assistance lack of concentration in the class room lack of interest in the classroom Ignorance of study and passing the tie in wasting, fun and teasing their friends and each other also. Clarification from the teachers are not good which does not help the students to understand the topics Particular religion or race living in different area among the major religion Community or nationality. indulge in the addiction of drugs and alcohol which reduce their efficiency in studying some students making personal excuses for not going to school fear of examination is one of the reason for not going to school Some of the parents were forgotten to send them school because of financial burden. Some students also feel harassed by bus by their class mate. In my opinion, I feel that the students feeling bored when they are taught number system because the proofs of the number students are generally very lengthy and complex also. The number system that contain Division algorithm in which we have to learn basically two principles 1. Order principle 2. un order principle Division algorithm using Order principle contains various assumptions as complex methodology of solving the problems that are not very easy and looks quite boring also. it has also been found that at various places where we have to assume many things by my one that result in variation of answer sometimes that cause them so typical also. in order principle , there were various things that we assume is required to be proofed which also a difficult task that really feels boring to the students. un order principle is always talking about the uniqueness values and various places we have to prove a lot of thingthat reduce the interested mathematics . GCD (greatest common factor ) is quite interesting but when they are used with the algorithm them it cause difficulties due to number of assumption In solving the problems and it is also found that after solving the equation , contradiction possibilities are also initiated that is not so much interesting which retards the interest to learn the subject. In using the Euclidean Algorithm that are given by Davison (2010) contains some typical methodology like- in starting the problem to solve it , looks simpler but repeated application are required in it , various assumption are made in it to get the values and the values obtained are checked so that contradiction may not be happen , thenthe values that are got is satisfied with the given equation so that the answer we get, after putting the values in the problem a number of solution are come out in which we to assume the final answer from the number of solution that come out.since all the method that come out are giving the solution but very complex which result in decreasing the interest in mathematics as a result of which the some student dont like this subject and they start to bunk the class that affecttheir doubt clearance in each topics which result in their performance and they fail in the exam. The fear of failing in the exam result in addiction of certain activitie s also. the performance of the student leads to detoriate from very childhood and in colleges they start to suffer a lot As an mathematics teachers I feel that there are certain issues that create absenteeism that are addressed by mein the class are drug abuse from the scenario of changing the environment of education , the absent of students from the class is increased Because I feel that they are indulge in a drug which retards theirconcentration power too. Excuse I found out that there are various excuses made by the in 35% are illogical reason given by the them and 55% are faked reasons given by them. 10% of student actually doesnt know the reasons of absent also. some reasons that I found out that some personal attitude of students are also responsible for absenteeism from the class room like laziness, lack of concentration etc. that harmed their study very much ( Keany Michael,) I found out that some of the student were not able to grasp the concept clearly which result in their performance also. as I seeabout 47% of student find difficult to grasp the concept , 27% student dont know the reason why they fail in the exam I feel that the student were also lacking in the motivation because of low grade in the previous examination (Alan, Gins burg 2014) Various strategies I have taken to reduce the absenteeism from the class room are as follows for reducing the bullying and noise in the class, I will try to engage all the students through certain interesting activities like mathematics quiz etc. to make the environment interesting and competitive too to enhance their ability to grasp knowledge quickly I will not give the harsh punishment to the student to create any fear of teachers that will go to affect their studies because they will not ask the question from the teacher as a result of which they will leave in doubt and fail in the exam. I will frank to the student to make our conversation easier to understand the weakness and strength point of them to work on them to help them in getting goods marks in the examination. .(Leone,2010) Conclusion From the above summary it has been concluded that absenteeism can be reduce by the following above methods illustrated by a teacher. The reduction in the absenteeism can help the students to understand the concepts of the mathematics and they can enjoy the magic of mathematics and overall development of the student can takes place. It is also concluded from the summary that absenteeism is a major problem for the success of the student as they dont like the mathematics and fail in the mathematics in coming future examination. finally the main conclusion is made that the absenteeism is require to be reduce from the school and colleges for overall development of the students and their performance also. References Ginsburg,Alan,jorda Phyllis(2014), viewed on 6th August ( https://www.attendanceworks.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Absenses-Add-Up_090114-1-1.pdf ) Keany Michael, n.d, viewed on 2nd July (https://www.schoolleadership20.com/forum/topics/1990010:Topic:126891 ) Peter Leone ,Michael Wilson, n.d , viewed on 2nd July (https://www.neglected-delinquent.org/sites/default/files/docs/numeracy_guide_201008.pdf ) Square CircleZ ,n.d, viewed on 2nd July(https://www.intmath.com/blog/how-to-make-math- class-interesting Stop bullying.gov, n.d, viewed on 2nd July (https://www.stopbullying.gov/what-is-bullying/definition/ ) UCLA EXTENSION( improvement of technology in class room),n.d , viewed in 2d July,( https://www.educationworld.com/a_tech/tech/tech192.shtml

Rhetoric Analysis of President Obama’s Inaugural Speech Essay Example

Rhetoric Analysis of President Obama’s Inaugural Speech Essay Name: Class: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetoric Analysis of President Obama’s Inaugural Speech specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetoric Analysis of President Obama’s Inaugural Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetoric Analysis of President Obama’s Inaugural Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Rhetoric Analysis of President Obama’s Inaugural Speech The most famous speech in the past three years has to be President Obama’s inaugural speech. The occasion was his inauguration as the President of the United States of America after a landslide win in the elections in majority of the states in America. The speech Obama delivered in his day of inauguration served as a thanking speech as well as a declaration of authority for the new position he had just acquired. The occasion was historical since it marked the day America got the first African American President and a president who believed in democracy and stood for peace, justice, equality and the rule of law. The speech had emotion, logic and was being delivered by quite a reputable character. The speech was a measured one, with instances of somberness and others of restoring hope to the American people. The speech was direct and pragmatic enough in addressing the issues faced currently by the American people. He however reduced the inspiration that was a common characteristic of his speeches during the campaign period. The auditioning for the position of President officially ended and the position was granted to him. The speech he made on that cold day in Washington DC involved the use of many fundamentals of rhetoric. The speech had a clear and concise arrangement of key points that enabled the greatest effect of the speech to be achieved. The organization of the points was chosen keenly in order for it to run according to the whole length of the speech. The main theme of the speech was to return the ideals of the founding fathers to the American nation and it touched every part of the speech including, the economy, the war and American foreign relations. This promoted cohesion and the speech became easy to follow. Ethos is an element of rhetoric found in speeches and it represents the credibility or stature of the speaker to the people he/she is addressing. Ethos is created in Obama’s speech where he is seen to have memorized the entire speech. Memory is indeed important in the art of speech giving. Memorizing of the speech increases the speaker’s credibility and gives them a good image of being prepared and organized. Memory also adds a lot on the delivery of the speech. Ethos is also created when the President opens his speech by saying â€Å"I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors† (Nordquist, 2009). Here he cements ethos stating how humbled he is, showing his courtesy and politeness to the people. His words also depict ethos when he shows his respect for the foundation that had been laid down by the American fore fathers and the soldiers. By recognizing his predecessors, his speech builds his credibility. When the President says, â€Å"†¦from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nordquist, 2009), it works as ethos and builds his credibility further. When he also says, â€Å"†¦whose father less than 60 years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath† (Nordquist, 2009). His credibility is built strongly. These two statements are said to show his humble beginnings and how far behind he has come from. He shows that his humble beginning did not act as a barrier for the achievement of his dream to lead a great nation like America. The statements along with others refer to segregation and slavery and refer to a dark time in the American history that most Americans feel emotionally attached to. His statement about his father, being black, would not have been served in a public restaurant, emotionally reach the American people and help to build his ethos since he refers to not only his father but a society that would have been segregated. Moreover, he shows that the segregation would have occurred in a country that he now leads. The ethos used inspires the audience with trust for Obama and creates identification for him. This is a crucial aspect of the persuasiveness of the speech. Logos is the logic or reasoning handed by an author of a speech. There are many logos created by Obama in his speech including statements like, â€Å"Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched† (Nordquist, 2009). In this statement, found in the ninth paragraph of his speech, he explains, showing great intellect and logic, about the market forces and their effect on the American economy. The speech continues to show logic when he states that, â€Å"But this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control. The nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our gross domestic product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on the ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart — not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common goodâ €  (Nordquist, 2009). In these statements, he speaks further about the American market. He adds that the secret to success is the willing participation by everyone to the cause of building the American economy, peace and prosperity. Logic however is found generally in the entire speech since most of the ideas and issues addressed in the speech are current issues faced by the Americans. Therefore, they relate to all the Americans and they made sense to every American. Pathos is the appeal created in a speech that is based on creating an emotional effect on the listeners. This is also quite common in the speech in several phrases like, â€Å"To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds† (Nordquist, 2009). This statement, found in the seventh paragraph from the last, is addressed to non-American citizens, and nations in the world that are not rich in resources and finances. It serves as a promise by president Obama, a vow that he shall work with the American people to help the less fortunate from outside America. This passage creates pathos through the compassion he shows to people outside his nation. In the speech there are numerous references to the word â€Å"we† (Nordquist, 2009). This creates pathos by illustrating to the people that he recognizes that without the American people there would not be an America. He instills confidence in them that he shall work together with them to create a successful nation. â€Å"That ‘we’ are in the midst of crisis is now well understood† (Nordquist, 2009), is one of the many statements where Obama refers to the people of America collectively. Other minor elements of rhetoric found in the speech include poetic phrases that served the purpose of igniting the listeners’ imaginations with a vivid imagery. Such a statement is, â€Å"And because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace† (Nordquist, 2009). This statement speaks of the past dark times that America has gone through and urges the people never to let America go back to that place. There are also statements in the speech that were delivered with short sentences or sharp jabs. These are meant to drive the point home and at the same time stress the points. Some statements are like, â€Å"The capital was abandoned† (N ordquist, 2009), â€Å"The enemy was advancing† (Nordquist, 2009), â€Å"The snow was stained with blood† (Nordquist, 2009). These statements are delivered following each other to show the realness and the severity of the situation as at the time in reference. There was also a tricolon in the speech. A tricolon is a series of three statements that are delivered in a parallel style while they are not related but fit grammatically in one sentence. Such an example is, â€Å"I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors† (Nordquist, 2009). This statement is found in the first paragraph of the speech and is meant to display appreciation to the American people and the ancestors. Overall, the President is an excellent orator and he made use of his surroundings, his energy, and energy from the audience, his words and phrases to deliver a classic inauguration speech. Rhetorically it incorporated all three major aspects of ethos, logos and pathos in different instances. It was well organized and contained a powerful appeal to the people’s emotions. Works Cited Nordquist, Richard. â€Å"The Inaugural Address of Barack Obama.† About.com. 20 Jan. 2009. Web. 23 June, 2011.

Gross domestic product v gross national happiness The WritePass Journal

Gross domestic product v gross national happiness Introduction Gross domestic product v gross national happiness IntroductionConclusionRelated Introduction Human beings are created in a unique way. The qualities we engage differentiate us from one another, as we are gifted with unlimited blessings. We have almost full control over our actions and behaviour, which is the reason why we sometimes struggle to innovate new methodologies for our well-being. Going back in history we started our lives from caves until being part of this Global village. The question we ask, that are these changes such as measuring Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well as Gross National happiness (GNH) really for the best? Within this assignment, in the light of Economics we will be discussing the way Nations/States manage their lives (well being). The main focus will be on explaining the differences between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and what the state of Bhutan in the Himalayas call ‘Gross Nation Happiness’ (GNH). The assignment will then move onto discussing the main problems of measuring both GDP and GNH. GDP formally known as Gross National Income (GNI) has been elaborated from a Russian-born, American educated, and â€Å"Father of National Income Accounting†. Dr Simon Kuznet introduced the method of calculating National Income, although concept of National Income has existed for hundreds of years. Consistent measure of National Income remained invisible or nonexistent before Kuznet’s work. Byrns, R T. While the GDP and the rest of the national income accounts may seem to be arcane concepts, they are truly among the great inventions of the twentieth century. (Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus) Like any other process, the method National Income (NI) has crossed many stages to become GDP. At this day and age we have a barometer to gauge the financial health of a Nation and yes, money plays a vital role to fulfil the necessities of life, but it has been proven that stress levels are much higher within the wealthier communities. The question, which arises here, is what is it that’s lacking, despite of having fair and good financial health, especially in developed countries, as the majority are still not living a happy life. Crabtree, S. (Oct 2009) However, GDP was intended to be a measure of economic growth. GDP was never planned to be a measure of overall social well-being. This western economic theory makes the statement that economic growth will enhance social well-being. Research has indicated that in most cases this statement is true, for example when basic human needs are better met. However, GDP is seen to be an imperfect measure, as it does not account for the environmental and social degradations that often accompany economic development. â€Å"Although gross domestic product (GDP) is not intended to be a measure of societal welfare, it is often used as such. One shortcoming as a welfare measure is that it fails to account for the non-marketed value of natural resource flows.† Turner, P. Tschirhart, J. (1999) Moreover, GDP was intended to help politicians with the circumstances of World War II. (Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2000). It was a guide to post-war economic policy and it is hard to underestimate its success. William M. Daley, U.S. Secretary of Commerce, stated that: â€Å"Since the end of World War II, when the GDP accounts were more fully developed and in wider use, the boom and bust swings are much less severe. They have had a very positive effect on America’s economic well-being, by providing a steady stream of very useful economic data.† The success of the GDP can be seen in its ubiquity, it has become the pre-eminent measure of economic and, to a large extent, social well-being. Gross National Happiness (GHN) on the other hand, which has been attributed to the former king of Bhutan, is seen more important than ‘Gross Domestic Product’ The former monarch is said to have made GNH the guiding philosophy of Bhutan’s development process, soon after his enthronement in 1972 (Thinley 2007). However, it was not until the late 1980s, that the king began to use the GNH concept openly in an attempt to ensure that economic development was in harmony with Bhutan’s culture, institutions and spiritual values (Ura and Galay 2004). Introducing Bhutan and GNH to outside ideas and institutions began in the early 1960s, and apparently picked up pace in the 1970s (Ura and Galay 2004). In that context, the GNH concept probably evolved as good-humoured play on words to make the point that the development process ought not be directed toward increasing GNP if this is at the expense of traditional values. Some critics have had difficulty in accepting the GNH concept. This is mainly due to the word ‘Gross’ as in GNH this does not appear to have any meaning, where in GNP it does, it also does not have a meaning corresponding to that in national income accounting. However, this has not prevented the GNH concept from becoming a national objective in Bhutan. Article 9 of the Constitution of this new democracy states: ‘The State shall strive to promote those conditions that will enable the pursuit of Gross National Happiness’. Furthermore, GNH has been debated around the world for many years. Nevertheless, it has received overwhelming support and encouragement from all over the world, be it scholars, educationists, politicians, researchers alike. In addition, GNH is widely discussed internationally. At least four international conferences have been held specifically on GNH, attracting participation by scholars from different disciplines and different parts of the world. (Ongmo, S Dec 2009) b) The reason for the overwhelming support and sympathy that the GNH concept is receiving worldwide is that the citizens everywhere are dissatisfied with the way societies are progressing currently in the world. They are increasingly concerned with their quality of life where GDP is the sole yardstick used for measuring social progress prompted by globalisation. Now people are demanding for more sustainable and complete approach to development taking into account dimensions such as social, environment and culture into policy framework. Comments such as the below have been made which is making GNH the next phenomenon. ‘Our industry should be boosting gross national happiness’ (Pollard, I 2008) In this context, GNH challenges the one sided measure of social progress using GDP as the only indicator. The Bhutanese government refuses to consider GDP as a good indicator enough to measure development. It argues that GDP is simply a measure of the currency that switches hands and it doesn’t take care of the growing social problems and deteriorating natural resources of a nation. (Sonam Jamtsho, Principal, Peljorling MSS, Samtse ) In today’s age, we have mentioned GNH is a potential substitute for GDP. (Ray, Debraj (1998): Development Economics, New Delhi 1998.) As we have found that GDP has failed to measure on whether it has benefited the nation or not as its only focus has been on the on economy. Factors such as natural disasters haven’t been considered which could contribute to the GDP growth as it stimulates economic activities such as increasing demands for construction. Also I have fund that the measure of GDP isn’t accurate as there is fear that statistic errors along with pollution factors aren’t being included, which would affect the overall performance. GDP also fails to measure things like quality improvement, this is due to the fact GDP can only measure the price as value, but not the quality of goods being produced. Saturday, January 31, 2009, 17:19 Also when assessing the performance of nations, GDP is often the policy used to measure wealth. However, it fails to meas ure more delecate forms of wealth, which are maybe more important to the average persons well being. Harrell, E Sep 2009. Nevertheless, I have found that changes or adbating to different policies will be a real challenge as for example swapping our UK standard of living for that of an average Bhutanese citizen would be very hard to adabt . By Eben Harrell Wednesday, Sep. 16, 2009 In contrast, GNH has become a more complete indicator as it draws upon a broader set of social, environmental and health measurement. One of the GNH creators Lyonpo Jigmi Thinley states: â€Å"We have to think of human well-being in boarder terms. Material well-being is only one component. That does not ensure that you are at peace with your environment and in harmony with each other.† GNH aims to evaluate sustainability, wellbeing and quality of life. There are nine index variables and many different metrics, which it uses to measure GNH. For example some on the key measurements include total household income, the highest level of education, the value of voluntary work and unpaid housework, natural capital such as energy, air and water quality, sustainable transportation, levels of health and education, crime, pollution and recycling levels. However, GNH faces its own limitations. Certain elements which make GNH become possible such as happiness from love is in fact hard to be measured by a rare method as people have different perceptions towards what happiness really means to them. In addition, GNH is only an indication and does not solve the real problems. For example, after releasing GNH in Bhutan, the country still faces challenges such as poverty and alcoholism. It will be argued here that the happiness revolution might, instead of bringing about the return of â€Å"utility,† ultimately condemn this concept for being simplistic, and reveal that subjective well-being cannot serve as a metric for social evaluation without serious precautions. Fleurbaey, Marc(2009) However, no measure has yet be proven to be perfect as the concept of GDP has risen concern of why the world measuring its development, progress and even sense of success by the GDP, if it does not properly account for the things that are beneficial or destructive to society. After all, the economy is just the exchange of goods and services that are meant to enhance the standard of living. Economist Alan Greenspan, and even the inventor of GDP, Simon Kuznets, warned about using GDP to measure well-being and prosperity (Haggart, 2000). Policy makers and Nations such as the U.S have intended to make positive changes to improve the structure. U.S have requested the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) to revise the way it measure’s GDP levels and growth. One of the changes consisted of switching to a chain-weighted method of computing aggregate growth which depends on the current price information. This allowed BEA to measure GDP growth more accurately by using a new, chain-weighted procedure which would eventually eliminate upward biases in the incoming data. This indicates that challenges have been reconised when gathering accurate data for GDP and that policymakers are to some extent trying to   make changes to enhance the method. However, study has shown that there are drawbacks which aren’t allowing the new measure to work as swiftly as it was intended to, as there has only been a small impact on the analysis of the macro economy. The new data, however, showed that the economy has been growing a bit less rapidly over the last few years than they had expected. The new policy also didn’t alter any estimates of the effects of monetary and fiscal policy on inflation, employment, and the budget and trade deficits. Key data on inflation, such as the consumer and producer price indexes, will not be changed, nor will the data on employment or the budget and trade deficits. On the whole, the most significant consequences of the revised GDP measurement system may be that growth in recent years will be marked down and the chronic upward bias to ongoing estimates of aggregate growth eliminated. Policy makers have recognized that GDP successfully measures the national Ð µconomic strÐ µngth, however, as discussed above ,GDP fails to measure things that ‘make life meaningful’. Morgan Housel January 1, 2011. Collaborating GDP and GNH has been discussed in many states such as the U.S and the UK. Concepts of measuring both happiness and Gross are in talks, but research suggests that there is a lot of work involved, however, there are signs that they are working in the right direction. A strategy in the U.K which many of us are aware of, track trends that affect the communities well being by using data from the census surveys where government agencies that track health, the environment, the economy and other societal barometers. U.S on the other hand, are working with a research team at Princeton who are working with the Bureau of Labor Statistics to incorporate this kind of charting (census) into its new time use survey, which began last year and is given to 4,000 Americans each month. Dr. Alan B. Krueger, a Princeton economist working on the survey stated that: The idea is to start with life as we experience it and then try to understand what helps people feel fulfilled and create conditions that generate that, This method is intended to equip and educate the American quest for ever more income. But that benefit would have to be balanced against the problems that come with the increased stress imposed by additional testing. We should not be hoping to construct a utopia, Professor Krueger said. What we should be talking about is piecemeal movement in the direction of things that make for a better life. paradise-engineering.com/happiness/gnh.html China on the other hand, started using, what is known to be a complex index called Human Development Index (HDI), that was established by Nobel Prize laureate Amartya Sen, which was then replaced by Gross National Product in 1990. China, who is another nation which is attracted to the concept of Gross National Happiness (GNH) as they found it an urgent necessity to move away from the GDP-led approach to a more human-centred style of government. The difficulties that many nations are facing that happiness cannot be measured. The IEA, quite fairly argue that the satisfaction levels have not really gone up or down since records began in the 1950s might simply show that measuring happiness is a very imprecise science. As the authors point out, many happiness measurements are based on a three-point scale, with people asked if they feel unhappy, happy, or very happy. Basing government policy on such an imprecise measurement would be like the Bank of Englands monetary policy board basing its policy decisions on whether people say they are feeling poor, rich or very rich, they write. Its not just rising income levels that dont appear to affect happiness levels. Rising levels of violent crime also dont appear to affect it. The high unemployment of the 1980s dont seem to affect it. Nothing seems to affect it. It just continues in a straight, boring line. So what policy conclusions can we draw from this? None, it would be fair to suggest. The main problems identified were indicators such as the service input as defining and measuring has become very complex as Some business have mixed service departments in which trying to differentia could be a hard task. Also measuring non market goods such as housework and raising a family is also a challenge. GDP figures also exclude the making of goods and services that are not sold within markets. This component includes housework, meals cooked at home, and child care provided by parents, as well as services volunteered for charities and other groups. For example, when parents care for their own children, the value of their care does not appear in GDP. However, when parents pay for child care, those services appear in GDP. GDP also includes only a very imperfect estimate of production of goods and services sold on the underground economy (or black market). This activity includes production of illegal goods and services (such as drugs and prostitution). It also includes production of legal goods that goes unreported to avoid taxes. Many estimates suggest that the underground economy in the United States amounts to between 5 and 10 percent of GDP; this figure is even larger in many other countries. Conclusion Also when renting a property the expenses appear in GDP as payments towards housing services, where on the other hand if you own the property GDP includes the government’s estimate of the rent that you would pay if you were renting. Also pricing of goods isn’t accurate as these are measured using old, higher prices, overstating the increase in the value of production. Research has also shown that double counting is also a major problem. Ref needed. Monday, 16 June 2008 Posted by Jules Evans politicsofwellbeing.com/2008/06/problem-with-measuring-happiness.html Illegal Economy The economy which can be shown incorrectly due to corruption, bribery and drugs business. Statistical Errors People measuring the economy not performing their duties with honesty or the standard they are using are not current to measure the accurate value of GDP. Pollution Factor Pollution factor can ¶t be included in GDP. Facilities and living standards facilities and living standards improvement can ¶t be indicated by GDP, to show whether the people of the country are worst off or well off. Quality Improvement As the time passes quality improve with speed as compared to the price, GDP can only measure the price as value but not quality. scribd.com/doc/35771023/Difficulties-in-Measuring-Gdp